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American Family Physician June 1, 2004 Gutierrez & Blanchard	Diastolic Heart Failure: Challenges of Diagnosis and Treatment The outcomes of ongoing clinical trials may provide much-needed information about diastolic heart failure to move from intuitive treatment to therapy based on evidence that matters: decreased morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life.
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 Steven A. Dosh	Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Adults The evaluation of symptomatic patients with suspected heart failure is directed at confirming the diagnosis, determining the cause, identifying concomitant illnesses, establishing the severity of heart failure, and guiding therapy.
American Family Physician July 15, 2000 Showkat A. Haji	Update on Digoxin Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure have increased in recent years...
American Family Physician September 15, 2001	Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction: Part II. Treatment Treatment recommendations for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction...
American Family Physician December 1, 2006 Dout, Lehman & Glasziou	The Role of BNP Testing in Heart Failure With the increasing availability of assays for the measurement of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone, blood tests may have a role in detecting, monitoring, and perhaps preventing chronic heart failure.
American Family Physician February 1, 2005 Dickerson & Gibson	Management of Hypertension in Older Persons Antihypertensive therapy has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in older patients with elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressures.
American Family Physician September 1, 2001 William E. Chavey	Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction Part I: Guideline development, etiology and diagnosis...
American Family Physician April 15, 2001 Robert E. Hoyt & Lester Shawn	Reducing Readmissions for Congestive Heart Failure Hospital admission for congestive heart failure is extremely common and quite expensive, although it is frequently preventable...
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 McConaghy & Smith	Outpatient Treatment of Systolic Heart Failure Optimal outpatient treatment of systolic heart failure has three goals that should be pursued simultaneously: (1) control of risk factors for the development and progression of heart failure, (2) treatment of heart failure, and (3) education of patients.
American Family Physician August 15, 2006 Morris, Hatcher & Reddy	Digoxin Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update Digoxin therapy has long been used to treat heart failure; however, its effectiveness was not completely known until recently. Results of the Digitalis Investigation Group trial showed that adding digoxin to standard heart failure therapy had no effect on mortality.
American Family Physician April 15, 2005 Karnani, Reisfield & Wilson	Evaluation of Chronic Dyspnea Chronic dyspnea is defined as dyspnea lasting more than one month. Information is presented on diagnosis, assessment and treatment for chronic dyspnea.
American Family Physician May 1, 2001 Trenton D. Nauser & Steven W. Stites	Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Regardless of the etiology, unrelieved pulmonary hypertension can lead to right-sided heart failure. Signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are often subtle and nonspecific...
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Daphne P. Bicket	Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have documented clinical benefits in a variety of clinical situations, the disparity between the evidence from clinical trials and bedside medicine is well documented.
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Mark W. Niedfeldt	Managing Hypertension in Athletes and Physically Active Patients Athletes and other physically active patients should be screened for hypertension and given appropriate therapy if needed.
American Family Physician November 15, 2001 Melvin D. Cheitlin	Surgery for Chronic Aortic Regurgitation: When Should It Be Considered? This article discusses the pathophysiologic basis of the signs and symptoms of aortic regurgitation, with the purpose of providing practical recommendations to help physicians determine when surgical intervention is necessary
American Family Physician September 1, 2003 Magill et al.	New Developments in the Management of Hypertension Advances in the management of hypertension have refined our understanding of systolic blood pressure, nutrition, medication selection, and hypertension in special populations.
American Family Physician October 1, 2002 Konzem et al.	Controlling Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common diseases in the United States. Patients with diabetes have a much higher rate of hypertension than would be expected in the general population. Regardless of the antihypertensive agent used, a reduction in blood pressure helps to prevent diabetic complications.
American Family Physician June 1, 2001 Benjamin Shipton & Haney Wahba	Valvular Heart Disease: Review and Update People with valvular heart disease are living longer, with less morbidity, than ever before. Advances in surgical techniques and a better understanding of timing for surgical intervention account for increased rates of survival...
American Family Physician October 15, 2001 Katherine L. Margo	Spironolactone in Left-Sided Heart Failure: How Does It Fit In? The familiar diuretic spironolactone has taken on new life as a treatment for left-sided congestive heart failure. More research is necessary to determine the order and combinations of spironolactone and other medications in slowing the progression of this disease...
American Family Physician November 15, 2000 Tarik M. Ramahi	Beta Blocker Therapy for Chronic Heart Failure Recent studies have shown that beta blocker therapy improves survival and reduces hospitalizations in patients who have chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction...
American Family Physician December 1, 2000 Assad Movahed	Beta Blockers and Congestive Heart Failure Heart failure is a complex condition, and its treatment requires consideration of two separate goals: symptom relief and tertiary prevention...
American Family Physician December 1, 2000 William E. Chavey	The Importance of Beta Blockers in the Treatment of Heart Failure Traditionally, beta blockers have been considered to be contraindicated in patients with heart failure. Recently, however, several large randomized, controlled mortality trials have been stopped early because of the effects of beta blockers...
American Family Physician June 15, 2002 A. Kesh Hebbar	Management of Common Arrhythmias: Part II. Ventricular Arrhythmias and Arrhythmias in Special Populations Patients with established heart disease and premature ventricular complexes have a higher likelihood of developing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.
American Journal of Nursing May 2009 Kristen J. Overbaugh	Acute Coronary Syndrome Coronary artery disease, in which atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries and restricts the flow of blood (and therefore the delivery of oxygen) to the heart, continues to be the number-one killer of Americans.
American Family Physician March 1, 2007 Flood & Fleisher	Preparation of the Cardiac Patient for Noncardiac Surgery Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have noncardiac surgery.
American Family Physician July 15, 2002 Dana E. King	Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Part I. Rate and Rhythm Control Atrial fibrillation is the arrhythmia most commonly encountered in family practice. Initial treatment is directed at controlling the ventricular rate. Medical or electrical cardioversion to restore sinus rhythm is the next step in patients who remain in atrial fibrillation.
American Family Physician June 15, 2005 Hanna & Wenger	Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Patients A review of the scientific evidence for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in the elderly.
American Family Physician May 1, 2006 Luma & Spiotta	Hypertension in Children and Adolescents The prevalence and rate of diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents appear to be increasing. Most childhood hypertension, particularly in preadolescents, is secondary to an underlying disorder.
American Family Physician November 15, 2006 Fletcher, Mills & Taylor	Update on Exercise Stress Testing Exercise stress testing is an important diagnostic tool for the evaluation of suspected or known cardiac disease.
American Family Physician June 15, 2002 A. Kesh Hebbar	Management of Common Arrhythmias: Part I. Supraventricular Arrhythmias Family physicians frequently encounter patients with symptoms that could be related to cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation or supraventricular tachycardias.
American Family Physician April 1, 2004 Nina Solenski	Transient Ischemic Attacks: Part II. Treatment Risk factors for stroke should be evaluated in patients who have had a transient ischemic attack.
Nurse Practitioner November 2011 Tracy Brazziel et al.	Stopping the Wave of PAD Early detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease is imperative. Here, learn the risk factors, screening and diagnosis for this disease.
AskMen.com September 1, 2003 Mike Davison	Do You Have High Blood Pressure? With approximately 58 million -- or one in four -- American adults suffering from high blood pressure, how do you know for certain if you are at risk? Arm yourself with the facts and find out.
Managed Care July 2004 Thomas Morrow	Nesiritide Speeds Recovery Time For Heart Failure Patients As clinicians recognize heart failure's neurohormonal component, a biologic agent may prove better than the small molecules.
American Family Physician April 15, 2006 Eric L. Anderson	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a disorder in which normal myocardium is replaced by fibrofatty tissue. This disorder usually involves the right ventricle, but the left ventricle and septum also may be affected.
American Family Physician October 15, 2000 Patricia A. Howard & Edward F. Ellerbeck	Optimizing Beta-Blocker Use After Myocardial Infarction Although beta-adrenergic blockers can significantly reduce mortality after a myocardial infarction, these agents are prescribed to only a minority of patients...
Nurse Practitioner March 2011 Lauren Wierwille	Pediatric Heart Murmurs: Evaluation and management in primary care This review includes an overview of cardiac assessment, distinguishing features of innocent and pathologic murmurs, differential diagnosis of murmurs, and current referral recommendations.
American Family Physician December 15, 2003 Ezekowitz et al.	Stroke: Strategies for Primary Prevention Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Every year, approximately 500,000 Americans have a first stroke, and approximately 20 percent die within 30 days. This article summarizes strategies that have been shown to be effective in stroke prevention.
American Family Physician January 1, 2003 Edward Onusko	Diagnosing Secondary Hypertension Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure that results from an underlying, identifiable, often correctable cause. Only about 5 to 10 percent of hypertension cases are thought to result from secondary causes. The ABCDE mnemonic can be used to help determine a secondary cause of hypertension.
American Family Physician November 1, 2003 Scow et al.	Combination Therapy with ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure This article reviews the literature and available evidence on the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in combination for the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.
American Family Physician June 1, 2006 Wexler & Aukerman	Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Managing Hypertension Hypertensive therapy interventions in the US, such as lifestyle and dietary modification, often are overlooked. Although some lifestyle modifications may seem to offer only minimal blood pressure-lowering effects, they should not be discounted.
Nursing September 2009 AnneMarie Palatnik	Too fast, too slow, too ugly: Dysrhythmias that every nurse should recognize Learn how to recognize an abnormal cardiac rhythm and intervene appropriately.
American Family Physician January 15, 2004 John Smucny	Does a Low-Sodium Diet Reduce Blood Pressure? Reducing sodium intake does lead to a slightly lower average blood pressure. However, no evidence from controlled trials proves that reducing sodium intake decreases morbidity or mortality, or proves that modest sodium restriction is harmful.
AskMen.com Dustin Driver	4 Commonly Ignored Men's Health Issues Some silent ailments can cause big health problems, and some are certified killers. Keep an eye on these health problems and they won't get the best of you.
Nutra Solutions June 2, 2006	A Robust Recovery Cellular energy recovery can be critical for patients suffering from chronic diseases such as fibromyalgia, diastolic heart dysfunction leading to congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and fatigue syndrome.
The Motley Fool April 3, 2009 Brian Orelli	Gilead: Helping Investors Cope With the Market Diversifying seems to be paying off for the drugmaker.