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American Family Physician October 15, 2001 Katherine L. Margo	Spironolactone in Left-Sided Heart Failure: How Does It Fit In? The familiar diuretic spironolactone has taken on new life as a treatment for left-sided congestive heart failure. More research is necessary to determine the order and combinations of spironolactone and other medications in slowing the progression of this disease...
American Family Physician September 15, 2001	Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction: Part II. Treatment Treatment recommendations for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction...
American Family Physician December 1, 2000 Assad Movahed	Beta Blockers and Congestive Heart Failure Heart failure is a complex condition, and its treatment requires consideration of two separate goals: symptom relief and tertiary prevention...
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 McConaghy & Smith	Outpatient Treatment of Systolic Heart Failure Optimal outpatient treatment of systolic heart failure has three goals that should be pursued simultaneously: (1) control of risk factors for the development and progression of heart failure, (2) treatment of heart failure, and (3) education of patients.
American Family Physician July 15, 2000 Showkat A. Haji	Update on Digoxin Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure have increased in recent years...
American Family Physician December 1, 2000 William E. Chavey	The Importance of Beta Blockers in the Treatment of Heart Failure Traditionally, beta blockers have been considered to be contraindicated in patients with heart failure. Recently, however, several large randomized, controlled mortality trials have been stopped early because of the effects of beta blockers...
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Daphne P. Bicket	Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have documented clinical benefits in a variety of clinical situations, the disparity between the evidence from clinical trials and bedside medicine is well documented.
American Family Physician November 15, 2000 Tarik M. Ramahi	Beta Blocker Therapy for Chronic Heart Failure Recent studies have shown that beta blocker therapy improves survival and reduces hospitalizations in patients who have chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction...
American Family Physician October 15, 2000 Patricia A. Howard & Edward F. Ellerbeck	Optimizing Beta-Blocker Use After Myocardial Infarction Although beta-adrenergic blockers can significantly reduce mortality after a myocardial infarction, these agents are prescribed to only a minority of patients...
American Family Physician September 1, 2001 William E. Chavey	Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction Part I: Guideline development, etiology and diagnosis...
American Family Physician February 1, 2005 Dickerson & Gibson	Management of Hypertension in Older Persons Antihypertensive therapy has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in older patients with elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressures.
American Family Physician March 1, 2006 Satpathy et al.	Diagnosis and Management of Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With early diagnosis and proper management the prognosis of diastolic dysfunction is more favorable than that of systolic dysfunction. Distinguishing diastolic from systolic heart failure is essential because the optimal therapy for one may aggravate the other.
American Family Physician August 15, 2006 Morris, Hatcher & Reddy	Digoxin Therapy for Heart Failure: An Update Digoxin therapy has long been used to treat heart failure; however, its effectiveness was not completely known until recently. Results of the Digitalis Investigation Group trial showed that adding digoxin to standard heart failure therapy had no effect on mortality.
American Family Physician October 1, 2002 Konzem et al.	Controlling Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common diseases in the United States. Patients with diabetes have a much higher rate of hypertension than would be expected in the general population. Regardless of the antihypertensive agent used, a reduction in blood pressure helps to prevent diabetic complications.
American Family Physician November 1, 2003 Scow et al.	Combination Therapy with ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure This article reviews the literature and available evidence on the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in combination for the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure.
American Family Physician September 1, 2003 Magill et al.	New Developments in the Management of Hypertension Advances in the management of hypertension have refined our understanding of systolic blood pressure, nutrition, medication selection, and hypertension in special populations.
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Mark W. Niedfeldt	Managing Hypertension in Athletes and Physically Active Patients Athletes and other physically active patients should be screened for hypertension and given appropriate therapy if needed.
American Family Physician April 1, 2001 Joan Bedinghaus	Coronary Artery Disease Prevention: What's Different for Women? Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, as well as an important cause of disability, although many women and their physicians underestimate the risk...
American Family Physician June 1, 2004 Gutierrez & Blanchard	Diastolic Heart Failure: Challenges of Diagnosis and Treatment The outcomes of ongoing clinical trials may provide much-needed information about diastolic heart failure to move from intuitive treatment to therapy based on evidence that matters: decreased morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life.
American Family Physician June 1, 2005 O'Brien & Chennubhotla	Treatment of Edema Major causes of edema include venous obstruction, increased capillary permeability, and increased plasma volume secondary to sodium and water retention. A systematic approach is warranted to determine the underlying diagnosis.
American Family Physician March 1, 2007 Flood & Fleisher	Preparation of the Cardiac Patient for Noncardiac Surgery Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have noncardiac surgery.
Nurse Practitioner February 2011 Jennifer M. Belavic	Annual Drug Update: 2010 in Review In 2010, the FDA approved several new drugs and new indications for use in primary care. From new therapies for adults with rheumatoid arthritis to a combination drug for benign prostatic hyperplasia, NPs need to be aware of the latest medications now available.
Nursing February 2010 Daniel A. Hussar	New Drugs 2010, PART 1 In this article, you'll learn about 16 new drugs.
American Family Physician June 15, 2005 Hanna & Wenger	Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Patients A review of the scientific evidence for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in the elderly.
Nursing December 2009 Vincent M. Vacca	On the Alert for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Progressive and ultimately fatal, pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disease of the pulmonary arterial vasculature with no known cause.
American Family Physician May 1, 2001 Beatriz Luna & Mark N. Feinglos	Oral Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Currently, there are five distinct classes of hypoglycemic agents available, each class displaying unique pharmacologic properties...
American Family Physician August 15, 2001 Melissa H. Hunter	COPD: Management of Acute Exacerbations and Chronic Stable Disease Outpatient management of patients with stable COPD should be directed at improving quality of life by preventing acute exacerbations, relieving symptoms and slowing the progressive deterioration of lung function...
Nursing March 2011 Ali & Gray-Vickrey	Limiting the Damage From Acute Kidney Injury This article will discuss your role in early detection and management of AKI with an emphasis on care for older adults.
Nursing June 2010 Daniel A. Hussar	New drugs 2010, part 2 In this article, you'll learn about 14 recently marketed new drugs.
American Family Physician November 15, 2002 Cynthia M. Williams	Using Medications Appropriately in Older Adults Finding the right balance between too few and too many drugs will help ensure increased longevity, improved overall health, and enhanced functioning and quality of life for the aging population.
Nurse Practitioner April 2011 Joanne L. Thanavaro	Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism When considering primary aldosteronism, three crucial diagnostic steps include case detection, case confirmation, and subtype classification.
Nursing June 2012 Streets & Vickers	Is this patient with heart failure a candidate for ultrafiltration? Similar to dialysis, ultrafiltration is a type of renal replacement therapy that may be indicated for patients with heart failure who have significant volume overload despite outpatient diuretic therapy.
Nursing March 2012 Daniel A. Hussar	New Drugs 2012: part I In this article, you'll learn about 11 recently approved drugs.
Nursing June 2011 Daniel A. Hussar	New Drugs 2011: Part 2 In this article, you'll learn about seven recently approved drugs, including: fingolimod hydrochloride, an oral drug indicated to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.
Nurse Practitioner February 2012 Jennifer M. Belavic	Annual drug update 2011 in review Many new medications were approved throughout 2011. This article will cover a variety of drugs that will be useful in nurse practitioner practice
Nurse Practitioner February 2012 Wood & Gordon	Preventing CVD in women: The NP's role This article focuses on the new American Heart Association guidelines for preventing cardiovascular disease in women and the nurse practitioner's role in implementing them.
American Family Physician July 15, 2002 Dana E. King	Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Part I. Rate and Rhythm Control Atrial fibrillation is the arrhythmia most commonly encountered in family practice. Initial treatment is directed at controlling the ventricular rate. Medical or electrical cardioversion to restore sinus rhythm is the next step in patients who remain in atrial fibrillation.
American Family Physician January 15, 2001 Charles P. Mouton	Common Infections in Older Adults Despite advances in antibiotic therapy, infectious diseases continue to be a major cause of mortality in older adults. The diagnostic and therapeutic nuances of managing infections in older adults create special challenges for physicians...
American Family Physician September 15, 2000 Vincent Morelli, M.D. & Roger J. Zoorob, M.D., M.P.H.	Alternative Therapies: Part II. Congestive Heart Failure and Hypercholesterolemia Natural supplements are widely used by the American public but, while claims of their therapeutic effects abound, medical research does not always support their effectiveness...
American Journal of Nursing May 2009 Kristen J. Overbaugh	Acute Coronary Syndrome Coronary artery disease, in which atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries and restricts the flow of blood (and therefore the delivery of oxygen) to the heart, continues to be the number-one killer of Americans.
American Family Physician January 15, 2006 Hollander-Rodriguez & Calvert	Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening metabolic problem caused by inability of the kidneys to excrete potassium, impairment of the mechanisms that move potassium from the circulation into the cells, or a combination of these factors.
American Family Physician March 15, 2006 Wilson & Sanford	Amlodipine/Atorvastatin (Caduet) for Preventing Heart Disease Amlodipine/atorvastatin offers no added benefit in safety, tolerability, or effectiveness over amlodipine and atorvastatin taken separately. It has not been shown to improve mortality or morbidity in patients who have hypertension with or without dyslipidemia.
American Family Physician July 1, 2005 Micah L. Thorp	Diabetic Nephropathy: Common Questions Diabetic nephropathy, or diabetic kidney disease, affects 20% - 30% of patients with diabetes. This article addresses some of the common questions raised by physicians managing patients with this disease.
Nursing May 2010 Debra Castner	Understanding the stages of chronic kidney disease This article will help you to recognize CKD and understand its stages so you can help your patient to modify risk factors, prevent further kidney damage, and manage complications. First, consider the scope of the problem.
American Family Physician September 15, 2001 Douglas D. Ross & Carla S. Alexander	Management of Common Symptoms in Terminally Ill Patients: Part II. Constipation, Delirium and Dyspnea In addition to pain, patients who are approaching the end of life commonly have other symptoms...
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 Steven A. Dosh	Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Adults The evaluation of symptomatic patients with suspected heart failure is directed at confirming the diagnosis, determining the cause, identifying concomitant illnesses, establishing the severity of heart failure, and guiding therapy.
Nursing February 2009 Daniel A. Hussar	New Drugs 09: Part 1 Learn about 10 new drugs, including nebivolol HCl, the newest beta-adrenergic blocking agent for hypertension.
Nurse Practitioner August 2009 Linda A. Howe	Pharmacogenomics and management of cardiovascular disease Prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, individual responses to medications were usually termed idiosyncrasies. Ethnic differences were not usually seen as genetic variants, as is the case today.
American Family Physician August 15, 2001 Thomas P. Guck	Assessment and Treatment of Depression Following Myocardial Infarction Depression is an independent risk factor in the development of and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy persons...
American Family Physician November 1, 2005 Eddie Needham	Management of Acute Renal Failure Acute renal failure is an acute loss of kidney function that occurs over days to weeks and results in an inability to appropriately excrete nitrogenous wastes and creatinine. In spite of this rapid decline in kidney function, patients with acute renal failure often have few symptoms.