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Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Stanley Fischer & Ratna Sahay	Taking Stock Economic performance has differed widely among the transition economies. The best performers are countries that were the most committed to reform at the start and that have carried out reforms rapidly and consistently.
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Emine Gurgen	Central Asia: Achievements and Prospects Although the five Central Asian countries in transition have made progress in moving to a market economy, they still have far to go and need to intensify their reform efforts.
Finance & Development September 2011	More or Less Income inequality has risen over the past quarter-century instead of falling as expected.
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Leszek Balcerowicz	Poland's Transformation Poland has made considerable progress over the past decade in transforming its centrally planned economy into a market-oriented one, but challenges remain. How can it best complete this transformation and facilitate its integration into the European Union?
Finance & Development September 2011 Berg & Ostry	Equality and Efficiency Is there a trade-off between the two or do they go hand in hand?
Finance & Development September 1, 2002 Lipschitz et al.	The Tosovsky Dilemma: Capital Surges in Transition Countries Transition countries that open themselves up to global capital markets are vulnerable to large and potentially erratic flows. Such flows should not be seen as one-off destabilizing events: they are intrinsic to the transition process and therefore need to be factored into policy formulation.
Finance & Development September 1, 2001 Christian Keller & Peter S. Heller	Social Sector Reform in Transition Countries Transition countries need to reform their social sectors to promote the welfare of their citizens and spur economic growth. In part, this means building up and redesigning social safety nets and addressing problems. It also requires cutting some benefits and privileges...
Finance & Development June 1, 2002 Pradeep K. Mitra & Marcelo Selowsky	Lessons from a Decade of Transition in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union A decade after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, some transition economies are performing far better than others. Reducing barriers to entry is not enough -- hard budget constraints must also be imposed on the old money-losing state-owned enterprises.
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Robert A. Feldman & C. Maxwell Watson	Central Europe: From Transition to EU Membership The Central European countries have made considerable progress with the transition to a market economy and now face the challenge of developing macroeconomic policy frameworks on the road to EU accession.
Finance & Development September 1, 2001 David Dollar & Aart Kraay	Trade, Growth, and Poverty How has many developing countries' increased participation in international trade affected their economic growth rates, and what implications has this had for the international distribution of income and the incidence of poverty?
Finance & Development September 1, 2000	Supplement Czech Republic: Recent Developments and Current Outlook... Fall 2000 World Economic Outlook... International Capital Markets Report... Prague to Be Venue for 2000 IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings...
Finance & Development September 2010 Arvind Panagariya	Growing out of Poverty Economic expansion reduces poverty by creating employment opportunities and making anti-poverty programs fiscally feasible.
Finance & Development September 1, 2002 Shang-Jin Wei	Is Globalization Good for the Poor in China? Developing countries worry that opening up to trade with the rest of the world may make the poor poorer and the rich richer, with China sometimes cited as an example of growing income inequality. A recent IMF study, however, finds that the reality is far more complex.
Finance & Development March 2011 Alicia Barcena	Spreading the Wealth Poverty and inequality have declined in Latin America in recent years, but there is a lot more to do.
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Torsten Slok	Can Monetary Policy Be Effective During Transition? Mongolia has undergone dramatic changes during its transition to a market economy, with fundamental restructuring in both the real economy and the financial sector. How effective is monetary policy in such a changing environment?
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Janos Kornai	Making the Transition to Private Ownership When the former centrally planned economies began the transition to a market economy one decade ago, there was strong disagreement on the best way to carry out ownership reform. 10 years into transition, experience has proved that organic development was the best strategy.
Finance & Development September 2011	A Bigger Slice of a Growing Pie Developing the financial sector accelerates economic growth and can enhance income equality.
Finance & Development June 2010 Bakker & Gulde	Searching for Stability Eastern Europe rode a decade-long boom into a serious bust and now must figure out how to restart growth on a more even keel.
Finance & Development June 2011	Beyond Retirees How countries change their pension systems and whether they do it in tandem have major implications for global economic health.
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Oleh Havrylyshyn & John Odling-Smee	Political Economy of Stalled Reforms Powerful vested interests in some of the transition countries oppose further reform. But, even in this difficult climate, reform can and should continue.
Finance & Development June 1, 2002 Emanuele Baldacci	Financial Crises, Poverty, and Income Distribution How do financial crises affect income distribution and the poor? A recent IMF study shows that poverty rises and, in some cases, so does inequality -- underscoring the need for adequate and flexible safety nets, ideally in place before crises strike.
Finance & Development March 1, 2001 Martin Muhleisen & Hamid Faruqee	Japan: Population Aging and the Fiscal Challenge With Japan facing a demographic crisis, government finances--stretched to the limit to keep the economy afloat--have to cope with the rising strain on public pension and health systems. This article looks at the economic and fiscal costs of aging in Japan...
Finance & Development March 1, 2000 Eduardo Aninat	Chile in the 1990s: Embracing Development Opportunities A review of Chile's recent economic performance shows that, overall, the 1990s were a period of vigorous and unprecedented expansion, with average annual GDP growth of 6.5 percent. While 1999 was a time of economic adjustment after the fallout of the Asian crisis, Chile is now ready to resume healthy growth in 2000 and beyond..
Knowledge@Wharton	Czechmate, Or the Pitfalls of Rapid Privatization in Emerging Economies In his forthcoming book, Gerald McDermott offers a new explanation for why the Czech Republic and other emerging markets, which try to eliminate state involvement and undergo rapid mass privatization, may achieve only short-term or illusory economic success...
HBS Working Knowledge January 4, 2012 Jim Heskett	Income Inequality: What's the Right Amount? Inequality can serve capitalism as an incentive, but too much of it is not good for markets. What's the right amount of income disparity?
BusinessWeek May 10, 2004 Fairlamb & Turek	Poland And The EU Fifteen years after casting off communism and embarking on a process of wrenching economic change, Poland is finally joining the European Union. Will the dynamic Poles energize Europe or sink into a bureaucratic, slow-growth trap?
Finance & Development September 1, 2007 Aziz & Dunaway	China's Rebalancing Act China's economic miracle may be at risk unless the country relies more on domestic consumption.
Finance & Development December 2009 Eswar Prasad	Rebalancing Growth in Asia Asian emerging markets can improve their economic welfare by rebalancing growth toward domestic demand.
Finance & Development September 2010 Mark Horton	How Grim a Fiscal Future? For most advanced economies, both the near term and the longer term are tight, but there are ways to ease budget pressures
Finance & Development September 1, 2001 Joel Hellman & Daniel Kaufmann	Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies In transition economies, corruption has taken on a new image -- that of so-called oligarchs manipulating policy formation and even shaping the emerging rules of the game to their own, very substantial advantage. We refer to this behavior as state capture...
Finance & Development June 1, 2007 Burton & Zanello	Asia Ten Years After A decade after the Asian financial crisis, the region is growing rapidly but still has a long to-do list.
Finance & Development September 2011	Unequal = Indebted Higher income inequality in developed countries is associated with higher domestic and foreign indebtedness.
Finance & Development September 2008 Ravallion & van de Walle	Land and Poverty in Reforming East Asia Lessons from Vietnam's agrarian reforms
Finance & Development September 1, 2000 Roger Nord	Central and Eastern Europe and the New Financial Architecture As the Central and Eastern European countries prepare to join the European Union, they are participating in worldwide efforts to strengthen the global economy...
Finance & Development March 2008 David T. Coe	Jobs on Another Shore Outsourcing of service jobs to other countries could affect industrial countries' economies and attitudes toward globalization.
Finance & Development December 1, 2000 Dani Rodrik	Growth Versus Poverty Reduction: A Hollow Debate
Finance & Development March 1, 2000 Nora Lustig & Omar Arias	Poverty Reduction Although Latin America and the Caribbean reduced the incidence of poverty during the 1990s, population increases and the greater income inequalities that had developed during the 1980s stymied the region's efforts to reduce the number of poor people. How can its policymakers fight poverty most effectively and better protect the poor during economic crises?
Finance & Development March 1, 2003 Edward Gardner	Wanted: More Jobs High unemployment in the MENA region presents formidable challenges for policymakers
Finance & Development September 1, 2005 Arora & Vamvakidis	Economic Spillovers Exploring the impact trading partners have on each other's growth.
Finance & Development September 2010 Rodney Ramcharan	Inequality Is Untenable If policymakers neglect income distribution, the consequences for individuals and society can be grave.
Finance & Development March 1, 2006 Pattillo, Gupta & Carey	Growing Pains With Africa's growth finally picking up, the challenge is to accelerate and sustain the pace to reduce poverty.
Finance & Development December 2010 Kumhof & Ranciere	Leveraging Inequality THE United States experienced two major economic crises over the past 100 years -- the Great Depression of 1929 and the Great Recession of 2007. Income inequality may have played a role in the origins of both.
Finance & Development June 2009 Berglof et al.	A Tale of Two Crises Russia is still a resource-dependent economy that must diversify in a market-friendly way
BusinessWeek January 6, 2011 J. Webb et al.	Joining the Euro: Poland and the Czechs Delay They were eager to join, but weakness in other nations makes it better for them to back off for now
Finance & Development March 2011 Clements et al.	Healing Health Care Finances Health care presents a daunting fiscal challenge in advanced and emerging economies alike, but reforms can help manage the growth of spending fairly and efficiently.
Finance & Development September 2011	Unemployed in Europe European countries can take a number of steps to protect vulnerable groups from unemployment and help reduce income inequality.
Finance & Development December 1, 2001 Robert Hunter Wade	The Rising Inequality of World Income Distribution A lot is at stake in the question of whether world income distribution has become more, or less, equal over the past twenty years or so. What could cause rising inequality? What are the consequences?
Finance & Development June 2010 Linda Yueh	A Stronger China China can emerge from the crisis stronger if it increases domestic demand and promotes global integration.
Finance & Development June 2010 Olaf Unteroberdoerster	Serving Up Growth Promoting the services sector in Asia is another way to restore balance and boost growth.
Finance & Development December 1, 2000 Nora Lustig & Nicholas Stern	Broadening the Agenda for Poverty Reduction: Opportunity, Empowerment, Security Experience from the 1990s has led to a poverty reduction agenda that, in addition to promoting economic growth, addresses ingrained inequalities, institutional failures, social barriers, and other risks.