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American Family Physician July 15, 2006 Junnila & Cartwright	Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Children: Part II. Rheumatic Causes Primary care physicians should have a working knowledge of rheumatic diseases of childhood that manifest primarily as musculoskeletal pain. Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis can present with painless joint inflammation and may have normal results on rheumatologic tests.
American Family Physician September 15, 2003 Richie & Francis	Diagnostic Approach to Polyarticular Joint Pain Polyarticular joint pain (i.e., pain in more than four joints) poses a diagnostic challenge because of the extensive differential diagnosis. Consequently, family physicians need to keep the diagnosis open in evaluating patients who present with pain in multiple joints.
American Family Physician July 1, 2003 Siva et al.	Diagnosing Acute Monoarthritis in Adults: A Practical Approach Acute monoarthritis can be the initial manifestation of many joint disorders. Because patients with acute monoarthritis often present to their family physician, a proper diagnostic approach is important.
American Family Physician September 15, 2005 Rindfleisch & Muller	Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory arthritis, affecting 0.8 percent of the adult population worldwide. It is a lifelong disease, although patients can go into remission. Physicians must be aware of common comorbidities.
American Family Physician March 15, 2002 Stephen K. Lane & Joseph W. Gravel, Jr.	Clinical Utility of Common Serum Rheumatologic Tests Many serum rheumatologic tests have been available for fewer than 10 years. As a result, some physicians are not fully aware of the indications, sensitivity, specificity, cost and clinical utility of these tests...
American Family Physician December 1, 2002 Bazemore & Smucker	Lymphadenopathy and Malignancy The majority of patients presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy have easily identifiable causes that are benign or self-limited. The critical challenge for the primary care physician is to identify which cases are secondary to malignancies or other serious conditions.
American Family Physician July 15, 2001 Swagerty & Hellinger	Radiographic Assessment of Osteoarthritis Worldwide, osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and it is among the most prevalent and disabling chronic conditions in the United States.
American Family Physician December 1, 2003 Gill et al.	Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem inflammatory disease that is often difficult to diagnose. Before the diagnosis can be established, four of 11 clinical and laboratory criteria must be met.
American Family Physician November 1, 2005 Forman, Forman & Rose	A Clinical Approach to Diagnosing Wrist Pain Primary care physicians often are the first to evaluate and treat a patient with wrist pain. A detailed history alone may lead to a specific diagnosis in approximately 70% of patients who have wrist pain.
American Family Physician July 15, 2004 Tracy Aldridge	Diagnosing Heel Pain in Adults A thorough history and a physical examination of the lower extremity should be conducted to locate the pain, define its attributes, and narrow the differential diagnosis.
American Family Physician December 1, 2003 Roth & Basello	Approach to the Adult Patient with Fever of Unknown Origin A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with FUO.
American Family Physician May 15, 2005 Hahn et al.	Evaluation of Poststreptococcal Illness Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rarely asymptomatic carrier states are associated with a number of poststreptococcal suppurative and nonsuppurative complications.
Nursing August 2009 Pullen et al.	Putting a face on systemic lupus erythematosus In this article, we'll tell you how to assess a patient for SLE and what to teach her about managing this chronic disorder.
American Family Physician June 1, 2002 S. Craig Humphreys	Neuroimaging in Low Back Pain Patients commonly present to family physicians with low back pain. Because the majority of patients fully or partially recover within six weeks, imaging studies are generally not recommended in the first month of acute low back pain.
American Family Physician June 15, 2004 Kataria, & Brent	Spondyloarthropathies Identification, features and strength of recommendations of this diverse group of inflammatory arthritides.
American Family Physician January 1, 2005 Jerry L. Old et al.	Imaging for Suspected Appendicitis Acute appendicitis is the most common reason for emergency abdominal surgery and must be distinguished from other causes of abdominal pain. Family physicians play a valuable role in the early diagnosis and management of this condition.
American Family Physician November 15, 2005 William E. Cayley	Diagnosing the Cause of Chest Pain Distinguishing between serious and benign causes of chest pain is imperative, and diagnostic and prognostic questions are important in making this determination.
American Family Physician April 1, 2005 Aaron Saguil	Evaluation of the Patient with Muscle Weakness Muscle weakness is a common complaint among patients presenting to family physicians. Diagnosis begins with a patient history distinguishing weakness from fatigue or asthenia, separate conditions with different etiologies that can coexist with, or be confused for, weakness.
American Family Physician November 1, 2006 Lyon & Clark	Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain in Older Patients Acute abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint in older patients, but may be difficult to diagnose. Here are some common causes of abdominal pain in old patients and recommendations for treatment.
American Family Physician September 1, 2003 Calmbach & Hutchens	Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Knee Pain: Part II. Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis
American Family Physician June 1, 2003 Leung & Sigalet	Acute Abdominal Pain in Children Acute abdominal pain in children presents a diagnostic dilemma. Although many cases of acute abdominal pain are benign, some require rapid diagnosis and treatment to minimize morbidity. Numerous disorders can cause abdominal pain.
American Family Physician August 15, 2001 Daisy Arce	Recognizing Spinal Cord Emergencies Physicians who work in primary care settings and emergency departments frequently evaluate patients with neck and back pain. Spinal cord emergencies are uncommon, but injury must be recognized early so that the diagnosis can be quickly confirmed...
American Family Physician November 1, 2001 Ric Anthony Koler	Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with characteristic skin manifestations. Although the disorder is rare, early recognition and treatment are important ways to decrease the morbidity of systemic complications...
American Family Physician September 1, 2005 Wilson & Best	Common Overuse Tendon Problems: A Review and Recommendations for Treatment Distinguishing tendinopathy from tendonitis and recommendations on appropriate treatments.
American Family Physician July 15, 2005 Depietropaolo et al.	Diagnosis of Lyme Disease The use of serologic testing and its value in the diagnosis of Lyme disease remain confusing and controversial for physicians, especially concerning persons who are at low risk for the disease. Underdiagnosis may occur if physicians apply the CDC surveillance criteria too strictly.
Nursing July 2011 Susan Simmons	Recognizing and Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis Here's what rheumatoid arthritis is, how it's diagnosed and treated, and what you can do to help patients manage the disease.
American Family Physician August 2001 Alexander K.C. Leung	Evaluating the Child with Purpura Purpura is the result of hemorrhage into the skin or mucosal membrane. It may represent a relatively benign condition or herald the presence of a serious underlying disorder...
American Family Physician January 15, 2003 Brunner et al.	Hip Fractures in Adults Hip fracture is a major public health problem in the United States. When hip fracture is detected early, appropriate treatment can minimize morbidity and mortality and prevent the rapid decline in quality of life that often is associated with this injury.
American Family Physician October 1, 2006 Freeman & Shulman	Kawasaki Disease: Summary of the American Heart Association Guidelines Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that predominantly affects the coronary arteries. The etiology of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, although an infectious agent is strongly suspected based on clinical and epidemiologic features.
American Family Physician March 15, 2006 Cassas Cassettari-Wayhs	Childhood and Adolescent Sports-Related Overuse Injuries Each year in the United States, approximately 30 million children and teenagers participate in organized sports. Youth sports participation carries an inherent risk of injury, including overuse injuries. Here are key recommendations for practices.
Nurse Practitioner November 2010 Dreadin & Mancuso	Diagnostic breast evaluation: When to refer and what the results really mean Diagnostic breast imaging is an important tool in evaluating abnormal physical examination findings and assessing incomplete screening mammographic results.
American Family Physician October 15, 2001 Vincent Morelli	Groin Injuries in Athletes Groin injuries comprise 2 to 5 percent of all sports injuries. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are important to prevent these injuries from becoming chronic and potentially career-limiting...
American Family Physician March 1, 2003 Viera et al.	Diagnosing Night Sweats Night sweats are a common outpatient complaint, yet literature on the subject is scarce. Serious causes of night sweats can be excluded with a thorough history, physical examination, and directed laboratory and radiographic studies.
American Family Physician September 15, 2002 Patel & Lundy	Ocular Manifestations of Autoimmune Disease Because a number of these diseases may initially present with ocular symptoms, physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion to make a timely diagnosis. A thorough ophthalmic examination should be completed.
Nurse Practitioner June 2008 Saligan & Yeh	Seeing Red: Guiding the Management of Ocular Hyperemia Ocular hyperemia, or red eye, is a common complaint of patients evaluated in a primary care clinic.
American Family Physician March 15, 2002 James C. Wittig	Osteosarcoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment The treatment of osteosarcoma requires a multidisciplinary approach involving the family physician, orthopedic oncologist, medical oncologist, radiologist and pathologist...
Nurse Practitioner May 2012 Hammersla & Kapustin	Peripheral Neuropathy: Evidence-based treatment of a complex disorder Peripheral neuropathy is a common and often progressive condition frequently seen in primary care. The chronic pain associated with PN, or neuropathic pain, can significantly diminish patients' quality of life and be challenging to treat.
American Family Physician March 1, 2002 Ralph Hinton	Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable consequence of aging. It is an acquired degenerative process that can be managed effectively by family physicians...
Nurse Practitioner May 2009 Bradway & Rodgers	Evaluation and Management of Genitourinary Emergencies Primary care NPs are often the first to identify and provide treatment for a variety of genitourinary conditions. These include acute urinary retention; priapism; obstructing renal calculi; and two acute scrotal emergencies - testes torsion and Fournier gangrene.
American Family Physician November 1, 2000 Neil Abramson & Becky Melton	Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment Leukocytosis, a common laboratory finding, is most often due to relatively benign conditions (infections or inflammatory processes). Much less common but more serious causes include primary bone marrow disorders...
American Family Physician December 1, 2005 Cole, Seto & Gazewood	Plantar Fasciitis: Evidence-Based Review of Diagnosis and Therapy Most interventions used to manage plantar fasciitis have not been studied adequately; however, shoe inserts, stretching exercises, steroid injection, and custom-made night splints may be beneficial.
American Family Physician July 1, 2005 Achar, Kundu & Norcross	Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome Differentiating acute coronary syndrome from noncardiac chest pain is the primary diagnostic challenge. The initial assessment requires a focused history (including risk factor analysis), a physical examination, an ECG and, frequently, serum cardiac marker determinations.
AskMen.com June 8, 2003 Mike Davison	Dealing With Arthritis There are over 100 different types of arthritis (lumped in the rheumatic disorders group), but the two most common forms are osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
American Family Physician August 15, 2006 Mounsey, Wilgus & Slawson	Diagnosis and Management of Endometriosis The preferred method for diagnosis of endometriosis is surgical visual inspection of pelvic organs with histologic confirmation. Such diagnosis requires an experienced surgeon because the varied appearance of the disease allows less-obvious lesions to be overlooked.
Nurse Practitioner April 2012 Firestone et al.	Optimizing fibromyalgia management This article summarizes current information regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic standards, and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments necessary to successfully manage FM.
American Family Physician May 15, 2003 Holten & Wetherington	Problem-Oriented Diagnosis Diagnosing the patient with abdominal pain and altered bowel habits: is it irritable bowel syndrome?
Nurse Practitioner May 2009 Yvonne D'Arcy	Is Low Back Pain Getting on Your Nerves? The pain and disability of low back pain are the most common reasons patients seek healthcare. Here are tools for diagnosis and treatment options.
Nursing September 2008 Susan Simmons Holcomb	Acute Abdomen: What a Pain! So many things - some life-threatening - can cause abdominal pain. Here's how to capture the clues quickly and accurately.
Managed Care November 2005 Vogenberg, Liebeskind & Ritter	Addressing the Hidden Costs of Rheumatoid Arthritis Health plans can work directly with customers to design rheumatoid arthritis management plans that address indirect but substantial costs.
American Family Physician September 1, 2003 Calmbach & Hutchens	Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Knee Pain: Part I History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests