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American Family Physician November 1, 2003 Zoorob & Campbell	Acute Dyspnea in the Office Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, is a common problem in the outpatient primary care setting. Establishing a diagnosis can be challenging because dyspnea appears in multiple diagnostic categories. Underlying disorders range from the relatively simple to the more serious.
American Family Physician May 1, 2002 Michael P. Mortelliti	Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Acute respiratory distress syndrome is the clinical manifestation of severe, acute lung injury. It is characterized by the acute onset of diffuse, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates secondary to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, refractory hypoxia, and decreased lung compliance...
American Family Physician January 15, 2003 Udobi et al.	Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Family physicians can play an essential role in the early recognition of ARDS and contribute to the multispecialty team required to manage this life-threatening condition. This article reviews the current understanding of the pathophysiology, management, and prognosis of ARDS.
American Family Physician May 1, 2001 Trenton D. Nauser & Steven W. Stites	Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Regardless of the etiology, unrelieved pulmonary hypertension can lead to right-sided heart failure. Signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are often subtle and nonspecific...
American Family Physician July 1, 2000 Abilio Munoz	Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis usually occurs as a result of alcohol abuse or bile duct obstruction. A careful review of the patient's history and appropriate laboratory studies can help the physician identify the etiology of the condition and guide management.
Nursing October 2009 John J. Gallagher	Taking aim at ARDS Among many complications that threaten a critically ill patient is a potentially fatal syndrome of lung inflammation and injury: acute respiratory distress syndrome.
American Family Physician February 1, 2004 Knutson & Aring	Viral Croup Viral croup is the most common form of airway obstruction in children six months to six years of age. The frightening nature of croup often prompts parents and caregivers to seek physician consultation.
American Family Physician October 1, 2005 Bidwell & Pachner	Hemoptysis: Diagnosis and Management Hemoptysis is the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes. The patient's history should help determine the amount of blood and differentiate between hemoptysis, pseudohemoptysis, and hematemesis.
American Family Physician April 15, 2005 Karnani, Reisfield & Wilson	Evaluation of Chronic Dyspnea Chronic dyspnea is defined as dyspnea lasting more than one month. Information is presented on diagnosis, assessment and treatment for chronic dyspnea.
Nursing November 2011 Lawson & Pruitt	Issues in Obesity, Part 2: Obesity Weighs Heavily on Lung Function A look at the impact of obesity on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sleep apnea.
American Family Physician September 15, 2002 Graziano & Tempest	Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Zebra Worth Knowing Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe cardiopulmonary illness most often caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized particles of rodent excreta or direct rodent contact.
American Family Physician March 1, 2003 James C. Higgins	The 'Crashing Asthmatic' Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders managed by family physicians. A "crashing asthmatic" is a patient with asthma who is clinically deteriorating into respiratory failure or arrest despite initial treatment. Managing such a patient can be a major challenge.
Nursing December 2009 Vincent M. Vacca	On the Alert for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Progressive and ultimately fatal, pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disease of the pulmonary arterial vasculature with no known cause.
American Family Physician August 15, 2001 Melissa H. Hunter	COPD: Management of Acute Exacerbations and Chronic Stable Disease Outpatient management of patients with stable COPD should be directed at improving quality of life by preventing acute exacerbations, relieving symptoms and slowing the progressive deterioration of lung function...
American Journal of Nursing June 2009 Prahlow et al.	Case Study: Asphyxia Caused by Inspissated Oral and Nasopharyngeal Secretions This case serves to remind clinicians that a failure to provide good oral care and adequate hydration is not only poor practice but can result in death.
American Family Physician July 15, 2000 Mitchell S. King	Preoperative Evaluation The purpose of a preoperative evaluation is not to "clear" patients for elective surgery, but rather to evaluate and, if necessary, implement measures to prepare higher risk patients for surgery...
American Journal of Nursing March 2012 Corbridge et al.	An Evidence-Based Approach to COPD: Part 1 This article, the first in a two-part series on COPD, outlines current guidelines and other evidence-based recommendations on diagnosing and managing stable COPD in the outpatient setting.
Nurse Practitioner May 2011 Chris Garvey	Best Practices in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, treatable, and often progressive disorder characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
American Family Physician September 15, 2000 Anne D. Walling, M.D.	Family Practice International Notes from international family physicians' journals: Traumatic Coronary Artery Damage... Morton's Neuroma... Diagnosing Acute Dyspnea...
American Family Physician February 15, 2006 Dewar & Curry	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Considerations Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by the gradual progression of irreversible airflow obstruction and increased inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma that is generally distinguishable from the inflammation caused by asthma.
American Family Physician December 15, 2002 Kurowski & Ostapchuk	Overview of Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis is an endemic infection in most of the United States and can be found worldwide. This article presents the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of histoplasmosis, beginning with the case of an immunocompetent child who developed disseminated disease.
Nursing August 2009 Regan & Dallachiesa	How to care for a patient with a tracheostomy Patients with tracheostomies aren't limited to critical care settings and can be found in all nursing units. No matter where you work, you need a basic understanding of the nursing care required for these patients.
American Family Physician March 1, 2004 James Chan	Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. From 3 percent to 12 percent of children snore, while obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects 1 percent to 10 percent of children.
American Family Physician November 1, 2006 Lyon & Clark	Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain in Older Patients Acute abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint in older patients, but may be difficult to diagnose. Here are some common causes of abdominal pain in old patients and recommendations for treatment.
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 Steven A. Dosh	Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Adults The evaluation of symptomatic patients with suspected heart failure is directed at confirming the diagnosis, determining the cause, identifying concomitant illnesses, establishing the severity of heart failure, and guiding therapy.
American Family Physician July 15, 2004 Wu & Schiff	Sarcoidosis This systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause predominately affects young and middle-aged adults. Diagnosis is based on clinicoradiologic findings plus histologic evidence of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas, and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases.
American Family Physician March 15, 2002 Khalid Almoosa	Is Thrombolytic Therapy Effective for Pulmonary Embolism? No evidence from clinical trials proves that thrombolytic therapy reduces the recurrence rate of pulmonary embolism or affects mortality in hemodynamically stable patients...
American Family Physician June 1, 2005 O'Brien & Chennubhotla	Treatment of Edema Major causes of edema include venous obstruction, increased capillary permeability, and increased plasma volume secondary to sodium and water retention. A systematic approach is warranted to determine the underlying diagnosis.
Nursing August 2010 Bartley & Shiflett	Handle older trauma patients with care Your comprehensive understanding of how age-related changes can affect outcomes during and after trauma will help your patients recover to the fullest extent possible.
American Family Physician March 1, 2004 Barreiro & Perillo	An Approach to Interpreting Spirometry Spirometry is a powerful tool that can be used to detect, follow, and manage patients with lung disorders. Technology advancements have made spirometry much more reliable and relatively simple to incorporate into a routine office visit.
Nursing June 2010 Linda Laskowski-Jones	Summer emergencies: Can you take the heat? This article will review the most common summertime hazards, describe frontline emergency care interventions, and advise commonsense prevention strategies.
American Family Physician January 15, 2004 Mark H. Ebell	Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: Part I How can the history and physical examination help physicians diagnose pulmonary embolism?
American Family Physician November 15, 2005 William E. Cayley	Diagnosing the Cause of Chest Pain Distinguishing between serious and benign causes of chest pain is imperative, and diagnostic and prognostic questions are important in making this determination.
Outside March 2003 Tim Sohn	The Pulse Researchers are using Viagra to alleviate pulmonary hypertension, a factor in high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), the lethal condition in which the lungs fill with fluid as a result of lower oxygen levels at higher elevations.
American Family Physician May 1, 2001	Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary hypertension happens when the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs) becomes higher than normal. This puts strain on the right side of the heart. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious problem...
Salon.com October 24, 2000 J.B. Orenstein	Fighting for treatment These days, having cancer isn't enough to get you into the hospital -- you have to really be sick...